Brachycephalic airway syndrome (BAS) affects short-nosed dogs with round skull shapes, such as bulldogs, pugs, Pekingese, and Boston terriers. The unique, flat-faced appearance of these breeds gives them an undeniable cute factor. However, this conformation is also associated with multiple respiratory abnormalities that can lead to breathing problems in dogs. The Woodland Springs Veterinary Hospital team explains what pet owners should know about BAS to ensure their brachycephalic pet can live a comfortable life.

What is brachycephalic airway syndrome in dogs?

BAS is a group of upper airway abnormalities commonly seen in brachycephalic breeds that contribute to breathing problems, airway noise, and snoring. Affected pets may have one or more of the following changes:

  • Stenotic nares — Narrow nostril openings
  • Elongated soft palate — Excess tissue extending into the throat
  • Hypoplastic trachea — Small main airway diameter 
  • Everted laryngeal saccules — Tissue folds near the voice box

What are the risks of brachycephalic airway syndrome in dogs?

Dogs affected with BAS often have difficulty exercising and are extremely heat-sensitive, putting them at high risk for heatstroke. They are also at risk for sudden airway obstruction, which can occur when excess tissues in the airway swell during stress or excitement and block airflow completely. Aspiration pneumonia during or after anesthesia is also a risk. In addition, dogs with BAS struggle with routine daily activities, and their snoring can prevent good quality sleep.

How do veterinarians diagnose brachycephalic airway syndrome in dogs?

Our veterinarians can presumptively diagnose BAS based on a pet’s breed, a physical examination, and the breathing problems at home that pet owners describe. We evaluate lung and airway sounds with a stethoscope, examine the nostril size, and assess breathing effort and pattern. X-rays or a sedated airway exam can help evaluate the airway abnormalities and plan appropriate treatment.

What are the treatment options for brachycephalic airway syndrome in dogs?

Treatment for BAS depends on the severity. Mild cases are often managed with lifestyle modifications, such as weight management and avoiding stress and heat. Pets with BAS should wear a harness or head collar while leashed to avoid excess pressure on the narrow trachea. However, surgical intervention may be advised when BAS interferes significantly with quality of life or puts pets at risk for serious complications.

Surgical approaches and options vary based on the specific anatomic abnormalities in each BAS case. Severe cases that require extensive surgical correction may be referred to a local veterinary surgery specialist. Our Woodland Springs Veterinary Hospital veterinarians perform some BAS corrective surgeries using our CO₂ laser, which reduces bleeding, pain, and healing time over traditional surgical methods. The surgeries include:

  • Stenotic nares resection — We remove tissue from each nostril to widen the openings and improve airflow. 
  • Soft palate resection — We trim the excess soft palate to keep the entrance to the trachea clear and reduce airway obstruction risk.

Whether pet owners choose surgery or medical management, they should always closely monitor their pet’s health. Routine veterinary visits, weigh-ins, and nutritional consultations can help prevent excess weight, despite restricted exercise. Pet owners should also reduce environmental stressors by maintaining a stable routine, providing preventive veterinary care, and limiting household changes. Finally, pets with BAS should not participate in breeding programs.

BAS is a serious condition that affects many beloved short-nosed breeds and puts their health and well-being at risk. Pet parents should learn how the syndrome impacts their brachycephalic pet and its risks, so they can keep affected pets safe and know when they need to pursue treatment.

If your brachycephalic pet struggles to breathe, contact the Woodland Springs Veterinary Hospital team to schedule a surgical consultation and learn more about treatment options to improve their quality of life.